Michael German, MD

Professor

Dr. German is a Professor in the Department of Medicine, Clinical Director of the UCSF Diabetes Center, Director of the UCSF NIH Diabetes Research Center (DRC) and Hillblom Islet Genesis Network, and Principle Investigator in the Hormone Research Institute and the Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regeneration Medicine and Stem Cell Research. He cares for patients in the Diabetes Clinic and hospital wards, teaches medical students, graduate students and housestaff, and lectures at the Diabetes Center’s patient self-management courses. His group studies the formation, turnover and function of the insulin-producing beta-cells in the pancreas, how these processes break down in diabetes, hypoglycemia and pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors, and the translation of this knowledge into novel therapeutic strategies for these disorders.
Education
Endocrinology Fellowship, 1989 - School of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco
Internal Medicine Residency, 1986 - School of Medicine, University of Arizona
M.D., 1983 - School of Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical School
Honors and Awards
  • Albert Renold Prize, European Association for the Study of Diabetes, 2016
  • Arthur Riggs Award, Rachmiel Levine-Arthur Riggs Diabetes Research Symposium, 2016
  • Josiah Brown Professorship, University of California Los Angeles, 2016
  • Albert Weinstein Lectureship, Vanderbilt University, 2016
  • Gerold Grodsky Award, Western Regional Islet Study Group, 2013
  • Donald F. Steiner Award for Outstanding Achievement in Diabetes Research, University of Chicago, 2011
  • Arnold Lazarow Memorial Lecture, University of Minnesota Medical School, 2010
  • Alexander Marble Lectureship, Joslin Diabetes Center, Harvard University Medical School, 2009
  • Pfizer Visiting Professorship, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, 2009
  • David Rumbough Award for Scientific Excellence, Juvenile Diabetes Research Foundation, 2008
  • Scholars Award, Juvenile Diabetes Research Foundation, 2007
  • Haile T. Debas Academy of Medical Educators Excellence in Teaching Award, UCSF, 2006
Websites
Publications

  1. Perry DJ, Shapiro MR, Chamberlain SW, Kusmartseva I, Chamala S, Balzano-Nogueira L, Yang M, Brant JO, Brusko M, Williams MD, McGrail KM, McNichols J, Peters LD, Posgai AL, Kaddis JS, Mathews CE, Wasserfall CH, Webb-Robertson BM, Campbell-Thompson M, Schatz D, Evans-Molina C, Pugliese A, Concannon P, Anderson MS, German MS, Chamberlain CE, Atkinson MA, Brusko TM. A genomic data archive from the Network for Pancreatic Organ donors with Diabetes. Scientific data 2023. PMID: 37237059


  2. Grier AE, McGill JB, Lord SM, Speake C, Greenbaum C, Chamberlain CE, German MS, Anderson MS, Hirsch IB. ABCC8-Related Monogenic Diabetes Presenting Like Type 1 Diabetes in an Adolescent. AACE Clinical Case Reports 2023. PMID: 37520758


  3. Rutsch N, Chamberlain CE, Dixon W, Spector L, Letourneau-Freiberg LR, Lwin WW, Philipson LH, Zarbock A, Saintus K, Wang J, German MS, Anderson MS, Lowell CA. Diabetes With Multiple Autoimmune and Inflammatory Conditions Linked to an Activating SKAP2 Mutation. Diabetes care 2021. PMID: 34172489


  4. Vazquez SE, Ferré EM, Scheel DW, Sunshine S, Miao B, Mandel-Brehm C, Quandt Z, Chan AY, Cheng M, German M, Lionakis M, DeRisi JL, Anderson MS. Identification of novel, clinically correlated autoantigens in the monogenic autoimmune syndrome APS1 by proteome-wide PhIP-Seq. eLife 2020. PMID: 32410729


  5. Moon JH, Kim H, Kim H, Park J, Choi W, Choi W, Hong HJ, Ro HJ, Jun S, Choi SH, Banerjee RR, Shong M, Cho NH, Kim SK, German MS, Jang HC, Kim H. Lactation improves pancreatic ß cell mass and function through serotonin production. Science translational medicine 2020. PMID: 32350130


  6. Solorzano-Vargas RS, Bjerknes M, Wang J, Wu SV, Garcia-Careaga MG, Pisit D, Cheng H, German MS, Georgia S, Martín MG. Null mutations of NEUROG3 are associated with delayed onset diabetes mellitus. JCI insight 2019. PMID: 31805014


  7. Klonoff DC, Florez JC, German M, Fleming A. The Need for Precision Medicine to be Applied to Diabetes. Journal of diabetes science and technology 2020. PMID: 31903769


  8. Moon JH, Kim YG, Kim K, Osonoi S, Wang S, Saunders DC, Wang J, Yang K, Kim H, Lee J, Jeong JS, Banerjee RR, Kim SK, Wu Y, Mizukami H, Powers AC, German MS, Kim H. Serotonin Regulates Adult ß-Cell Mass by Stimulating Perinatal ß-Cell Proliferation. Diabetes 2019. PMID: 31806625


  9. Moore PC, Cortez JT, Chamberlain CE, Alba D, Berger AC, Quandt Z, Chan A, Cheng MH, Bautista JL, Peng J, German MS, Anderson M, Oakes SA. Elastase 3B mutation links to familial pancreatitis with diabetes and pancreatic adenocarcinoma. The Journal of clinical investigation 2019. PMID: 31369399


  10. Chamberlain CE, German MS, Yang K, Wang J, VanBrocklin H, Regan M, Shokat KM, Ducker GS, Kim GE, Hann B, Donner DB, Warren RS, Venook AP, Bergsland EK, Lee D, Wang Y, Nakakura EK. A Patient-derived Xenograft Model of Pancreatic Neuroendocrine Tumors Identifies Sapanisertib as a Possible New Treatment for Everolimus-resistant Tumors. Molecular cancer therapeutics 2018. PMID: 30254185


  11. Lee J, Pappalardo Z, Chopra DG, Hennings TG, Vaughn I, Lan C, Choe JJ, Ang K, Chen S, Arkin M, McManus MT, German MS, Ku GM. A Genetic Interaction Map of Insulin Production Identifies Mfi as an Inhibitor of Mitochondrial Fission. Endocrinology 2018. PMID: 30059978


  12. Baeyens L, Lemper M, Staels W, De Groef S, De Leu N, Heremans Y, German MS, Heimberg H. (Re)generating Human Beta Cells: Status, Pitfalls, and Perspectives. Physiological reviews 2018. PMID: 29717931


  13. Kim H, Kim H, Kim K, German MS, Kim H. Ectopic serotonin production in ß-cell specific transgenic mice. Biochemical and biophysical research communications 2017. PMID: 29223399


  14. Yang YY, Long RK, Ferrara CT, Gitelman SE, German MS, Yang SB. A new familial form of a late-onset, persistent hyperinsulinemic hypoglycemia of infancy caused by a novel mutation in KCNJ11. Channels (Austin, Tex.) 2017. PMID: 29087246


  15. Tixi-Verdugo W, Contreras-Ramos J, Sicilia-Argumedo G, German MS, Fernandez-Mejia C. Effects of Biotin Supplementation During the First Week Postweaning Increases Pancreatic Islet Area, Beta-Cell Proportion, Islets Number, and Beta-Cell Proliferation. Journal of medicinal food 2017. PMID: 29068758


  16. Tang SC, Baeyens L, Shen CN, Peng SJ, Chien HJ, Scheel DW, Chamberlain CE, German MS. Human pancreatic neuro-insular network in health and fatty infiltration. Diabetologia 2017. PMID: 28852792


  17. Lazo-de-la-Vega-Monroy ML, Larrieta E, Tixi-Verdugo W, Ramírez-Mondragón R, Hernández-Araiza I, German MS, Fernandez-Mejia C. Effects of dietary biotin supplementation on glucagon production, secretion, and action. Nutrition (Burbank, Los Angeles County, Calif.) 2017. PMID: 28935144


  18. Krentz NAJ, van Hoof D, Li Z, Watanabe A, Tang M, Nian C, German MS, Lynn FC. Phosphorylation of NEUROG3 Links Endocrine Differentiation to the Cell Cycle in Pancreatic Progenitors. Developmental cell 2017. PMID: 28441528


  19. Pappalardo Z, Gambhir Chopra D, Hennings TG, Richards H, Choe J, Yang K, Baeyens L, Ang K, Chen S, Arkin M, German MS, McManus MT, Ku GM. A Whole-Genome RNA Interference Screen Reveals a Role for Spry2 in Insulin Transcription and the Unfolded Protein Response. Diabetes 2017. PMID: 28246293


  20. Baeyens L, Hindi S, Sorenson RL, German MS. ß-Cell adaptation in pregnancy. Diabetes, obesity & metabolism 2016. PMID: 27615133


  21. Stock PG, German MS. A Path to Insulin Independence: "The End of the Beginning". Cell stem cell 2016. PMID: 27058933


  22. Ejarque M, Mir-Coll J, Gomis R, German MS, Lynn FC, Gasa R. Generation of a Conditional Allele of the Transcription Factor Atonal Homolog 8 (Atoh8). PloS one 2016. PMID: 26752640


  23. Sasaki S, Miyatsuka T, Matsuoka TA, Takahara M, Yamamoto Y, Yasuda T, Kaneto H, Fujitani Y, German MS, Akiyama H, Watada H, Shimomura I. Activation of GLP-1 and gastrin signalling induces in vivo reprogramming of pancreatic exocrine cells into beta cells in mice. Diabetologia 2015. PMID: 26290048


  24. Faire M, Skillern A, Arora R, Nguyen DH, Wang J, Chamberlain C, German MS, Fung JC, Laird DJ. Follicle dynamics and global organization in the intact mouse ovary. Developmental biology 2015. PMID: 25889274


  25. Berger M, Scheel DW, Macias H, Miyatsuka T, Kim H, Hoang P, Ku GM, Honig G, Liou A, Tang Y, Regard JB, Sharifnia P, Yu L, Wang J, Coughlin SR, Conklin BR, Deneris ES, Tecott LH, German MS. Gai/o-coupled receptor signaling restricts pancreatic ß-cell expansion. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 2015. PMID: 25695968


  26. Lemper M, Leuckx G, Heremans Y, German MS, Heimberg H, Bouwens L, Baeyens L. Reprogramming of human pancreatic exocrine cells to ß-like cells. Cell death and differentiation 2014. PMID: 25476775


  27. Kim K, Oh CM, Ohara-Imaizumi M, Park S, Namkung J, Yadav VK, Tamarina NA, Roe MW, Philipson LH, Karsenty G, Nagamatsu S, German MS, Kim H. Functional role of serotonin in insulin secretion in a diet-induced insulin-resistant state. Endocrinology 2014. PMID: 25426873


  28. Lin J, German M, Wong B. Use of copolymer polylactic and polyglycolic acid resorbable plates in repair of orbital floor fractures. Facial plastic surgery : FPS 2014. PMID: 25397715


  29. Chamberlain CE, Scheel DW, McGlynn K, Kim H, Miyatsuka T, Wang J, Nguyen V, Zhao S, Mavropoulos A, Abraham AG, O'Neill E, Ku GM, Cobb MH, Martin GR, German MS. Menin determines K-RAS proliferative outputs in endocrine cells. The Journal of clinical investigation 2014. PMID: 25133424


  30. Ghosh R, Wang L, Wang ES, Perera BG, Igbaria A, Morita S, Prado K, Thamsen M, Caswell D, Macias H, Weiberth KF, Gliedt MJ, Alavi MV, Hari SB, Mitra AK, Bhhatarai B, Schürer SC, Snapp EL, Gould DB, German MS, Backes BJ, Maly DJ, Oakes SA, Papa FR. Allosteric inhibition of the IRE1a RNase preserves cell viability and function during endoplasmic reticulum stress. Cell 2014. PMID: 25018104


  31. Miyatsuka T, Matsuoka TA, Sasaki S, Kubo F, Shimomura I, Watada H, German MS, Hara M. Chronological analysis with fluorescent timer reveals unique features of newly generated ß-cells. Diabetes 2014. PMID: 24834978


  32. Ohara-Imaizumi M, Kim H, Yoshida M, Fujiwara T, Aoyagi K, Toyofuku Y, Nakamichi Y, Nishiwaki C, Okamura T, Uchida T, Fujitani Y, Akagawa K, Kakei M, Watada H, German MS, Nagamatsu S. Serotonin regulates glucose-stimulated insulin secretion from pancreatic ß cells during pregnancy. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 2013. PMID: 24218571


  33. German MS. Anonymous sources: where do adult ß cells come from? The Journal of clinical investigation 2013. PMID: 23619356


  34. Ku GM, Kim H, Vaughn IW, Hangauer MJ, Myung Oh C, German MS, McManus MT. Research resource: RNA-Seq reveals unique features of the pancreatic ß-cell transcriptome. Molecular endocrinology (Baltimore, Md.) 2012. PMID: 22915829


  35. Lazo de la Vega-Monroy ML, Larrieta E, German MS, Baez-Saldana A, Fernandez-Mejia C. Effects of biotin supplementation in the diet on insulin secretion, islet gene expression, glucose homeostasis and beta-cell proportion. The Journal of nutritional biochemistry 2012. PMID: 22841397


  36. Andersson O, Adams BA, Yoo D, Ellis GC, Gut P, Anderson RM, German MS, Stainier DY. Adenosine signaling promotes regeneration of pancreatic ß cells in vivo. Cell metabolism 2012. PMID: 22608007


  37. Ku GM, Pappalardo Z, Luo CC, German MS, McManus MT. An siRNA screen in pancreatic beta cells reveals a role for Gpr27 in insulin production. PLoS genetics 2012. PMID: 22253604


  38. Ohta Y, Kosaka Y, Kishimoto N, Wang J, Smith SB, Honig G, Kim H, Gasa RM, Neubauer N, Liou A, Tecott LH, Deneris ES, German MS. Convergence of the insulin and serotonin programs in the pancreatic ß-cell. Diabetes 2011. PMID: 22013016


  39. Yao LJ, McCormick JA, Wang J, Yang KY, Kidwai A, Colussi GL, Boini KM, Birnbaum MJ, Lang F, German MS, Pearce D. Novel role for SGK3 in glucose homeostasis revealed in SGK3/Akt2 double-null mice. Molecular endocrinology (Baltimore, Md.) 2011. PMID: 21980074


  40. Kwak SH, Park BL, Kim H, German MS, Go MJ, Jung HS, Koo BK, Cho YM, Choi SH, Cho YS, Shin HD, Jang HC, Park KS. Association of variations in TPH1 and HTR2B with gestational weight gain and measures of obesity. Obesity (Silver Spring, Md.) 2011. PMID: 21836641


  41. Macarthur CC, Xue H, Van Hoof D, Lieu PT, Dudas M, Fontes A, Swistowski A, Touboul T, Seerke R, Laurent LC, Loring JF, German MS, Zeng X, Rao MS, Lakshmipathy U, Chesnut JD, Liu Y. Chromatin insulator elements block transgene silencing in engineered human embryonic stem cell lines at a defined chromosome 13 locus. Stem cells and development 2011. PMID: 21699412


  42. Larrieta E, Vega-Monroy ML, Vital P, Aguilera A, German MS, Hafidi ME, Fernandez-Mejia C. Effects of biotin deficiency on pancreatic islet morphology, insulin sensitivity and glucose homeostasis. The Journal of nutritional biochemistry 2011. PMID: 21596550


  43. Van Hoof D, Mendelsohn AD, Seerke R, Desai TA, German MS. Differentiation of human embryonic stem cells into pancreatic endoderm in patterned size-controlled clusters. Stem cell research 2011. PMID: 21513906


  44. Miyatsuka T, Kosaka Y, Kim H, German MS. Neurogenin3 inhibits proliferation in endocrine progenitors by inducing Cdkn1a. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 2010. PMID: 21173230


  45. Shimajiri Y, Kosaka Y, Scheel DW, Lynn FC, Kishimoto N, Wang J, Zhao S, German MS. A mouse model for monitoring islet cell genesis and developing therapies for diabetes. Disease models & mechanisms 2010. PMID: 21135059


  46. Honig G, Liou A, Berger M, German MS, Tecott LH. Precise pattern of recombination in serotonergic and hypothalamic neurons in a Pdx1-cre transgenic mouse line. Journal of biomedical science 2010. PMID: 20950489


  47. Kalousova A, Mavropoulos A, Adams BA, Nekrep N, Li Z, Krauss S, Stainier DY, German MS. Dachshund homologues play a conserved role in islet cell development. Developmental biology 2010. PMID: 20869363


  48. Kim H, Toyofuku Y, Lynn FC, Chak E, Uchida T, Mizukami H, Fujitani Y, Kawamori R, Miyatsuka T, Kosaka Y, Yang K, Honig G, van der Hart M, Kishimoto N, Wang J, Yagihashi S, Tecott LH, Watada H, German MS. Serotonin regulates pancreatic beta cell mass during pregnancy. Nature medicine 2010. PMID: 20581837


  49. Wang YC, Zuraek MB, Kosaka Y, Ota Y, German MS, Deneris ES, Bergsland EK, Donner DB, Warren RS, Nakakura EK. The ETS oncogene family transcription factor FEV identifies serotonin-producing cells in normal and neoplastic small intestine. Endocrine-related cancer 2010. PMID: 20048018


  50. Smith SB, Qu HQ, Taleb N, Kishimoto NY, Scheel DW, Lu Y, Patch AM, Grabs R, Wang J, Lynn FC, Miyatsuka T, Mitchell J, Seerke R, Désir J, Vanden Eijnden S, Abramowicz M, Kacet N, Weill J, Renard ME, Gentile M, Hansen I, Dewar K, Hattersley AT, Wang R, Wilson ME, Johnson JD, Polychronakos C, German MS. Rfx6 directs islet formation and insulin production in mice and humans. Nature 2010. PMID: 20148032


  51. Halban PA, German MS, Kahn SE, Weir GC. Current status of islet cell replacement and regeneration therapy. The Journal of clinical endocrinology and metabolism 2010. PMID: 20061422


  52. Van Hoof D, D'Amour KA, German MS. Derivation of insulin-producing cells from human embryonic stem cells. Stem cell research 2009. PMID: 19766074


  53. Miyatsuka T, Li Z, German MS. Chronology of islet differentiation revealed by temporal cell labeling. Diabetes 2009. PMID: 19478145


  54. Baeyens L, Bonné S, Bos T, Rooman I, Peleman C, Lahoutte T, German M, Heimberg H, Bouwens L. Notch signaling as gatekeeper of rat acinar-to-beta-cell conversion in vitro. Gastroenterology 2009. PMID: 19208356


  55. Cai J, Donaldson A, Yang M, German MS, Enikolopov G, Iacovitti L. The role of Lmx1a in the differentiation of human embryonic stem cells into midbrain dopamine neurons in culture and after transplantation into a Parkinson's disease model. Stem cells (Dayton, Ohio) 2009. PMID: 18832589


  56. Wang YC, Gallego-Arteche E, Iezza G, Yuan X, Matli MR, Choo SP, Zuraek MB, Gogia R, Lynn FC, German MS, Bergsland EK, Donner DB, Warren RS, Nakakura EK. Homeodomain transcription factor NKX2.2 functions in immature cells to control enteroendocrine differentiation and is expressed in gastrointestinal neuroendocrine tumors. Endocrine-related cancer 2008. PMID: 18987169


  57. German MS. New beta-cells from old acini. Nature biotechnology 2008. PMID: 18846076


  58. Reid JG, Nagaraja AK, Lynn FC, Drabek RB, Muzny DM, Shaw CA, Weiss MK, Naghavi AO, Khan M, Zhu H, Tennakoon J, Gunaratne GH, Corry DB, Miller J, McManus MT, German MS, Gibbs RA, Matzuk MM, Gunaratne PH. Mouse let-7 miRNA populations exhibit RNA editing that is constrained in the 5'-seed/ cleavage/anchor regions and stabilize predicted mmu-let-7a:mRNA duplexes. Genome research 2008. PMID: 18614752


  59. Lynn FC, Sanchez L, Gomis R, German MS, Gasa R. Identification of the bHLH factor Math6 as a novel component of the embryonic pancreas transcriptional network. PloS one 2008. PMID: 18560595


  60. Nekrep N, Wang J, Miyatsuka T, German MS. Signals from the neural crest regulate beta-cell mass in the pancreas. Development (Cambridge, England) 2008. PMID: 18506029


  61. Louet JF, Smith SB, Gautier JF, Molokhia M, Virally ML, Kevorkian JP, Guillausseau PJ, Vexiau P, Charpentier G, German MS, Vaisse C, Urbanek M, Mauvais-Jarvis F. Gender and neurogenin3 influence the pathogenesis of ketosis-prone diabetes. Volume 10 of Issue 10. 2007. PMID: 18093211


  62. Cano DA, Rulifson IC, Heiser PW, Swigart LB, Pelengaris S, German M, Evan GI, Bluestone JA, Hebrok M. Regulated beta-cell regeneration in the adult mouse pancreas. Diabetes 2007. PMID: 18083786


  63. Gasa R, Mrejen C, Lynn FC, Skewes-Cox P, Sanchez L, Yang KY, Lin CH, Gomis R, German MS. Induction of pancreatic islet cell differentiation by the neurogenin-neuroD cascade. Differentiation; research in biological diversity 2007. PMID: 17924961


  64. Lynn FC, Skewes-Cox P, Kosaka Y, McManus MT, Harfe BD, German MS. MicroRNA expression is required for pancreatic islet cell genesis in the mouse. Diabetes 2007. PMID: 17804764


  65. Lynn FC, Smith SB, Wilson ME, Yang KY, Nekrep N, German MS. Sox9 coordinates a transcriptional network in pancreatic progenitor cells. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 2007. PMID: 17563382


  66. Baeyens L, Bonné S, German MS, Ravassard P, Heimberg H, Bouwens L. Ngn3 expression during postnatal in vitro beta cell neogenesis induced by the JAK/STAT pathway. Cell death and differentiation 2006. PMID: 16514419


  67. Kanno R, Ogihara T, Igarashi Y, Tanaka Y, Smith SB, Kojima I, German MS, Kawamori R, Watada H. Activin A-induced expression of PAX4 in AR42J-B13 cells involves the increase in transactivation of E47/E12. Biochimica et biophysica acta 2006. PMID: 16546275


  68. Wilson ME, Yang KY, Kalousova A, Lau J, Kosaka Y, Lynn FC, Wang J, Mrejen C, Episkopou V, Clevers HC, German MS. The HMG box transcription factor Sox4 contributes to the development of the endocrine pancreas. Diabetes 2005. PMID: 16306355


  69. Schisler JC, Jensen PB, Taylor DG, Becker TC, Knop FK, Takekawa S, German M, Weir GC, Lu D, Mirmira RG, Newgard CB. The Nkx6.1 homeodomain transcription factor suppresses glucagon expression and regulates glucose-stimulated insulin secretion in islet beta cells. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 2005. PMID: 15883383


  70. Kawahira H, Scheel DW, Smith SB, German MS, Hebrok M. Hedgehog signaling regulates expansion of pancreatic epithelial cells. Developmental biology 2005. PMID: 15766752


  71. Mauvais-Jarvis F, Smith SB, Le May C, Leal SM, Gautier JF, Molokhia M, Riveline JP, Rajan AS, Kevorkian JP, Zhang S, Vexiau P, German MS, Vaisse C. PAX4 gene variations predispose to ketosis-prone diabetes. Volume 13 of Issue 24. 2004. PMID: 15509590


  72. Gasa R, Mrejen C, Leachman N, Otten M, Barnes M, Wang J, Chakrabarti S, Mirmira R, German M. Proendocrine genes coordinate the pancreatic islet differentiation program in vitro. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 2004. PMID: 15340143


  73. Khoo S, Gibson TB, Arnette D, Lawrence M, January B, McGlynn K, Vanderbilt CA, Griffen SC, German MS, Cobb MH. MAP kinases and their roles in pancreatic beta-cells. Cell biochemistry and biophysics 2004. PMID: 15289654


  74. Liu R, Cai J, Hu X, Tan M, Qi Y, German M, Rubenstein J, Sander M, Qiu M. Region-specific and stage-dependent regulation of Olig gene expression and oligodendrogenesis by Nkx6.1 homeodomain transcription factor. Development (Cambridge, England) 2003. PMID: 14602683


  75. Smith SB, Watada H, German MS. Neurogenin3 activates the islet differentiation program while repressing its own expression. Molecular endocrinology (Baltimore, Md.) 2003. PMID: 14576336


  76. Maestro MA, Boj SF, Luco RF, Pierreux CE, Cabedo J, Servitja JM, German MS, Rousseau GG, Lemaigre FP, Ferrer J. Hnf6 and Tcf2 (MODY5) are linked in a gene network operating in a precursor cell domain of the embryonic pancreas. Human molecular genetics 2003. PMID: 14570708


  77. Gratton MO, Torban E, Jasmin SB, Theriault FM, German MS, Stifani S. Hes6 promotes cortical neurogenesis and inhibits Hes1 transcription repression activity by multiple mechanisms. Molecular and cellular biology 2003. PMID: 12972610


  78. Hald J, Hjorth JP, German MS, Madsen OD, Serup P, Jensen J. Activated Notch1 prevents differentiation of pancreatic acinar cells and attenuate endocrine development. Developmental biology 2003. PMID: 12921743


  79. Sheu E, Rothman S, German M, Wang X, Finer M, McMahon BM. The Gene Pill and its therapeutic applications. Current opinion in molecular therapeutics 2003. PMID: 14513686


  80. Suzuki R, Tobe K, Terauchi Y, Komeda K, Kubota N, Eto K, Yamauchi T, Azuma K, Kaneto H, Taguchi T, Koga T, German MS, Watada H, Kawamori R, Wright CV, Kajimoto Y, Kimura S, Nagai R, Kadowaki T. Pdx1 expression in Irs2-deficient mouse beta-cells is regulated in a strain-dependent manner. The Journal of biological chemistry 2003. PMID: 12869553


  81. Smith SB, Gasa R, Watada H, Wang J, Griffen SC, German MS. Neurogenin3 and hepatic nuclear factor 1 cooperate in activating pancreatic expression of Pax4. The Journal of biological chemistry 2003. PMID: 12837760


  82. Khoo S, Griffen SC, Xia Y, Baer RJ, German MS, Cobb MH. Regulation of insulin gene transcription by ERK1 and ERK2 in pancreatic beta cells. The Journal of biological chemistry 2003. PMID: 12810726


  83. Ogihara T, Watada H, Kanno R, Ikeda F, Nomiyama T, Tanaka Y, Nakao A, German MS, Kojima I, Kawamori R. p38 MAPK is involved in activin A- and hepatocyte growth factor-mediated expression of pro-endocrine gene neurogenin 3 in AR42J-B13 cells. The Journal of biological chemistry 2003. PMID: 12670941


  84. Watada H, Scheel DW, Leung J, German MS. Distinct gene expression programs function in progenitor and mature islet cells. The Journal of biological chemistry 2003. PMID: 12604598


  85. Wilson ME, Scheel D, German MS. Gene expression cascades in pancreatic development. Mechanisms of development 2003. PMID: 12490297


  86. Lee J, Wu Y, Qi Y, Xue H, Liu Y, Scheel D, German M, Qiu M, Guillemot F, Rao M, Gradwohl G. Neurogenin3 participates in gliogenesis in the developing vertebrate spinal cord. Developmental biology 2003. PMID: 12490199


  88. Thameem F, Wolford JK, Wang J, German MS, Bogardus C, Prochazka M. Cloning, expression and genomic structure of human LMX1A, and variant screening in Pima Indians. Gene 2002. PMID: 12062816


  89. Lee JC, Smith SB, Watada H, Lin J, Scheel D, Wang J, Mirmira RG, German MS. Regulation of the pancreatic pro-endocrine gene neurogenin3. Diabetes 2001. PMID: 11334435


  90. Fernandez-Mejia C, Vega-Allende J, Rojas-Ochoa A, Rodriguez-Dorantes M, Romero-Navarro G, Matschinsky FM, Wang J, German MS. Cyclic adenosine 3',5'-monophosphate increases pancreatic glucokinase activity and gene expression. Endocrinology 2001. PMID: 11250924


  91. del Bosque-Plata L, Lin J, Horikawa Y, Schwarz PE, Cox NJ, Iwasaki N, Ogata M, Iwamoto Y, German MS, Bell GI. Mutations in the coding region of the neurogenin 3 gene (NEUROG3) are not a common cause of maturity-onset diabetes of the young in Japanese subjects. Diabetes 2001. PMID: 11246894


  93. Sander M, Sussel L, Conners J, Scheel D, Kalamaras J, Dela Cruz F, Schwitzgebel V, Hayes-Jordan A, German M. Homeobox gene Nkx6.1 lies downstream of Nkx2.2 in the major pathway of beta-cell formation in the pancreas. Development (Cambridge, England) 2000. PMID: 11076772


  94. Smith SB, Watada H, Scheel DW, Mrejen C, German MS. Autoregulation and maturity onset diabetes of the young transcription factors control the human PAX4 promoter. The Journal of biological chemistry 2000. PMID: 10967107


  95. Watada H, Mirmira RG, Leung J, German MS. Transcriptional and translational regulation of beta-cell differentiation factor Nkx6.1. The Journal of biological chemistry 2000. PMID: 10938085


  97. Sander M, Paydar S, Ericson J, Briscoe J, Berber E, German M, Jessell TM, Rubenstein JL. Ventral neural patterning by Nkx homeobox genes: Nkx6.1 controls somatic motor neuron and ventral interneuron fates. Genes & development 2000. PMID: 10970877


  98. Watada H, Mirmira RG, Kalamaras J, German MS. Intramolecular control of transcriptional activity by the NK2-specific domain in NK-2 homeodomain proteins. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 2000. PMID: 10944215


  99. Schwitzgebel VM, Scheel DW, Conners JR, Kalamaras J, Lee JE, Anderson DJ, Sussel L, Johnson JD, German MS. Expression of neurogenin3 reveals an islet cell precursor population in the pancreas. Development (Cambridge, England) 2000. PMID: 10903178


  100. Ohneda K, Ee H, German M. Regulation of insulin gene transcription. Seminars in cell & developmental biology 2000. PMID: 10966856


  101. Mirmira RG, Watada H, German MS. Beta-cell differentiation factor Nkx6.1 contains distinct DNA binding interference and transcriptional repression domains. The Journal of biological chemistry 2000. PMID: 10799563


  102. Dreyer SD, Morello R, German MS, Zabel B, Winterpacht A, Lunstrum GP, Horton WA, Oberg KC, Lee B. LMX1B transactivation and expression in nail-patella syndrome. Human molecular genetics 2000. PMID: 10767331


  103. Ohneda K, Mirmira RG, Wang J, Johnson JD, German MS. The homeodomain of PDX-1 mediates multiple protein-protein interactions in the formation of a transcriptional activation complex on the insulin promoter. Molecular and cellular biology 2000. PMID: 10629047


  104. Smith SB, Ee HC, Conners JR, German MS. Paired-homeodomain transcription factor PAX4 acts as a transcriptional repressor in early pancreatic development. Molecular and cellular biology 1999. PMID: 10567552


  105. Romero-Navarro G, Cabrera-Valladares G, German MS, Matschinsky FM, Velazquez A, Wang J, Fernandez-Mejia C. Biotin regulation of pancreatic glucokinase and insulin in primary cultured rat islets and in biotin-deficient rats. Endocrinology 1999. PMID: 10499515


  106. Cabrera-Valladares G, German MS, Matschinsky FM, Wang J, Fernandez-Mejia C. Effect of retinoic acid on glucokinase activity and gene expression and on insulin secretion in primary cultures of pancreatic islets. Endocrinology 1999. PMID: 10385401


  107. Sander M, Griffen SC, Huang J, German MS. A novel glucose-responsive element in the human insulin gene functions uniquely in primary cultured islets. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 1998. PMID: 9751707


  108. Furuta H, Horikawa Y, Iwasaki N, Hara M, Sussel L, Le Beau MM, Davis EM, Ogata M, Iwamoto Y, German MS, Bell GI. Beta-cell transcription factors and diabetes: mutations in the coding region of the BETA2/NeuroD1 (NEUROD1) and Nkx2.2 (NKX2B) genes are not associated with maturity-onset diabetes of the young in Japanese. Diabetes 1998. PMID: 9703340


  109. Sussel L, Kalamaras J, Hartigan-O'Connor DJ, Meneses JJ, Pedersen RA, Rubenstein JL, German MS. Mice lacking the homeodomain transcription factor Nkx2.2 have diabetes due to arrested differentiation of pancreatic beta cells. Development (Cambridge, England) 1998. PMID: 9584121


  110. Iannotti CA, Inoue H, Bernal E, Aoki M, Liu L, Donis-Keller H, German MS, Permutt MA. Identification of a human LMX1 (LMX1.1)-related gene, LMX1.2: tissue-specific expression and linkage mapping on chromosome 9. Genomics 1997. PMID: 9441763


  111. Goldfine ID, German MS, Tseng HC, Wang J, Bolaffi JL, Chen JW, Olson DC, Rothman SS. The endocrine secretion of human insulin and growth hormone by exocrine glands of the gastrointestinal tract. Nature biotechnology 1997. PMID: 9415890


  112. Sander M, Neubüser A, Kalamaras J, Ee HC, Martin GR, German MS. Genetic analysis reveals that PAX6 is required for normal transcription of pancreatic hormone genes and islet development. Genes & development 1997. PMID: 9224716


  113. Johnson JD, Zhang W, Rudnick A, Rutter WJ, German MS. Transcriptional synergy between LIM-homeodomain proteins and basic helix-loop-helix proteins: the LIM2 domain determines specificity. Molecular and cellular biology 1997. PMID: 9199284


  114. Sander M, German MS. The beta cell transcription factors and development of the pancreas. Journal of molecular medicine (Berlin, Germany) 1997. PMID: 9181474


  115. Wang J, Shen L, Najafi H, Kolberg J, Matschinsky FM, Urdea M, German M. Regulation of insulin preRNA splicing by glucose. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 1997. PMID: 9113994


  116. Inoue H, Rudnick A, German MS, Veile R, Donis-Keller H, Permutt MA. Isolation, characterization, and chromosomal mapping of the human Nkx6.1 gene (NKX6A), a new pancreatic islet homeobox gene. Genomics 1997. PMID: 9119408


  117. Odagiri H, Wang J, German MS. Function of the human insulin promoter in primary cultured islet cells. The Journal of biological chemistry 1996. PMID: 8567638


  118. Collins A, German MS, Jan YN, Jan LY, Zhao B. A strongly inwardly rectifying K+ channel that is sensitive to ATP. The Journal of neuroscience : the official journal of the Society for Neuroscience 1996. PMID: 8613774


  119. German M, Ashcroft S, Docherty K, Edlund H, Edlund T, Goodison S, Imura H, Kennedy G, Madsen O, Melloul D. The insulin gene promoter. A simplified nomenclature. Diabetes 1995. PMID: 7621988


  120. Stoffel M, Tokuyama Y, Trabb JB, German MS, Tsaar ML, Jan LY, Polonsky KS, Bell GI. Cloning of rat KATP-2 channel and decreased expression in pancreatic islets of male Zucker diabetic fatty rats. Biochemical and biophysical research communications 1995. PMID: 7626127


  121. Tsaur ML, Menzel S, Lai FP, Espinosa R, Concannon P, Spielman RS, Hanis CL, Cox NJ, Le Beau MM, German MS. Isolation of a cDNA clone encoding a KATP channel-like protein expressed in insulin-secreting cells, localization of the human gene to chromosome band 21q22.1, and linkage studies with NIDDM. Diabetes 1995. PMID: 7729621


  122. Kennedy GC, German MS, Rutter WJ. The minisatellite in the diabetes susceptibility locus IDDM2 regulates insulin transcription. Nature genetics 1995. PMID: 7773292


  123. Rudnick A, Ling TY, Odagiri H, Rutter WJ, German MS. Pancreatic beta cells express a diverse set of homeobox genes. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 1994. PMID: 7991607


  124. German MS, Wang J, Fernald AA, Espinosa R, Le Beau MM, Bell GI. Localization of the genes encoding two transcription factors, LMX1 and CDX3, regulating insulin gene expression to human chromosomes 1 and 13. Genomics 1994. PMID: 7698771


  125. German MS, Wang J. The insulin gene contains multiple transcriptional elements that respond to glucose. Molecular and cellular biology 1994. PMID: 8196645


  126. German MS. Glucose sensing in pancreatic islet beta cells: the key role of glucokinase and the glycolytic intermediates. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 1993. PMID: 8446591


  129. German MS, Blanar MA, Nelson C, Moss LG, Rutter WJ. Two related helix-loop-helix proteins participate in separate cell-specific complexes that bind the insulin enhancer. Molecular endocrinology (Baltimore, Md.) 1991. PMID: 1710033


  130. German MS, Moss LG, Rutter WJ. Regulation of insulin gene expression by glucose and calcium in transfected primary islet cultures. The Journal of biological chemistry 1990. PMID: 1979979


  131. German MS, Karam JH. Strict metabolic control and progression of incipient diabetic nephropathy. Lancet (London, England) 1987. PMID: 2882323


  132. German M, Syvanen M. Incompatibility between bacteriophage lambda and the sex factor F. Plasmid 1982. PMID: 6217477